NATIONAL ANTHEM AND NATIONALISM
Once upon a time there was a beautiful island with wonderful people and it was called the “Pearl of the Indian Ocean “. The island is still beautiful and the people are still wonderful except for a few who consistently engage in a diabolical attempt to make it “Ugly “.
This is my response to the article published in the Daily Mirror of March 21st titled “Mother Lanka as Sri Lanka Thaye “ written by DBS Jeyaraj. He says that the Tamil version of the National Anthem too salutes Mother Lanka and not an “Eelam”, and it was his hope and prayer that patriotic Tamils would be able to hail “Mother Lanka “as “Sri Lanka Thaye” in their “Thaai Mozhi” ( Mother Tongue).
This subject came on stage when Mr. Mano ganeshan sought approval from the National Executive Committee to sing the National Anthem in the Tamil language. Approval was granted and immediately thereafter those who objected to it were branded as “Extremists”, “Communalists” and “Chauvinists". In addition to that, the learned and moderate Tamil opinion makers/ journalists like Jeyaraj make evocative comments such as that by way of being “a most affected minority community” in this country, the Tamils would at least get some molecule of relief by having this request acceded to. But is thisthe reality? Who are they – Jeyaraj, Manoganeshan and those of their ilk - trying to deceive? As a matter of fact, do those who object to the National Anthem being sung in Tamil, really despise and block the progress of the Tamil people? In comparison to the other nationalities, are the Tamils discriminated against in our country? By allowing the National Anthem to be sung in Tamil will all the alleged discrimination disappear? I think it is high time to lay bare the nudity of those who very cunningly try to paint a wrong picture, locally and internationally, about the Sinhalese and Tamils in our country, in order to achieve their vicious objective.
Let us for the moment move away from dealing with the terms such as communalism, nationalism, patriotism, emotions etc. and examine the Constitutional provisions relating to singing of the National Anthem in Tamil. Article 7 of the Constitution stipulates that the National Anthem of Sri Lanka should be “Sri Lanka Matha”. The words and the music should be as spelt out in the Third Schedule. The English transliteration rightly carries the words “Sri Lanka Matha”. But the Tamil rendering is a translation, not a transliteration. This means that instead of writing the same Sinhala original words in Tamil characters, the Sinhala words of the National Anthem have been “translated” into the Tamil language. The most important thing here is that the very act of translation is done in a wrong manner. If it is done in the same manner the English script should have been Sri Lanka “Mother or Mater”!! It is very clear that the decision/initiative taken to “translate” it into Tamil had been taken with a predetermined mind set with ulterior motives such as to create communal unrest at a later stage.
In view of this “translation”, people like Manoganeshan argue that singing the National Anthem in Tamil is in conformity with the Constitution. However, the moment the National Anthem is sung in Tamil, Article 7 of the Constitution is violated, because, in it, it is clearly stated that the National Anthem should be Sri Lanka “Matha” and nothing else. This has led to an inconsistency between the two texts and in the event of such an “inconsistency” Article 23.1 clearly says that the text in which the written laws was “enacted” should prevail. In other words the Sinhala text should prevail over the Tamil one. Thus it proves beyond reasonable doubt that the singing the National Anthem in Tamil definitely violates the Constitution of the country.
We know that it is illegal to violate the Constitution of the country for whatever the purpose. Avenues are openeven to impeach the President of the country, if it can be proved that he has willfully violated the Constitution. In such a context, if a person takes up the position that singing the National Anthem in Tamil is a violation of the Constitution, can anyone brand him a communalist or a racist?
Most people who use the word “Racialism“ or “communalism” do not know the difference between “racialism” and “nationalism”. Racialism is primarily the belief that one’s own race is superior to others and suppress or deny the lawful rights of other communities. Nationalism, on the other hand, is patriotism, is loyalty and devotion to one’s community; to come forward and selflessly protect the interests of the community in the face of any danger. Germany and Japan became powerful nations after the Second World War as there were people with such patriotic mind sets.
Jeyaraj says that the Tamils should be allowed to sing the National Anthem in their own language for greater national unity and ethnic reconciliation, implying that Tamils are a deprived community compared to the Sinhalese. Is this true? Today one must ask what the Tamil grievances are; one can ask what “injustice “Tamils face because of being a Tamil”. They live in Colombo happily and comfortably, purchase land, build houses, send children to school, engage in businesses, are properly employed, build Kovils/Hindu temples and freely engage in religious activities. Only 48% of Tamils in Sri Lanka live in Jaffna; 52% live in the rest of the country amongst the Sinhalese and other communities. Do the Sinhalese harass Tamils at sight? There are hundreds of shops belonging to Tamils in Hetti Veediya (Sea Street), Kotahena, Wellawatta, Bambalapitiya, Pettah etc. The monopoly of the business of major food items such as sugar, potatoes, dhal etc. are in the hands of Tamil multi millionaire buisnessmen. Have the Sinhalese objected to it? What will happen if all the Sinhalese boycott the Tamil shops and businesses? They do not do that because the Sinhalese strongly believe in living in harmony and in reconciliation. The Sinhalese in general do believe that the Sinhalese, Muslims and Tamils are members of the same Sri Lankan family.
Today the Tamils have bought over/acquired most of the land/properties in the metropolitan area. For instance in most of the lanes in Kotahena there are no Sinhalese news papers for sale because there are no Sinhalese living there. Have the Sinhalese revolted against that? Not at all.
While that is the position of the Tamils in Colombo - for that matter in the entire country, what is the position of the Sinhalese people in the North? Can a Sinhalese purchase a piece of land in Vavunia, Mulative, Kilinochchi, Point Pedro or in Jaffna? Everyone knows it is impossible. Why? Because they are “born” as Sinhalese and that is the tragic truth. What happened to around 25,000 Sinhalese who lived in Jaffna prior to 1983? Who talks about their land and properties? Who stands up for them? Mr. Vigneshvaram, Chief Minister of Jaffna, who was born among Sinhalese in Colombo, studied with the Sinhalese, lived with the Sinhalese for more than 60 years in Colombo, having acquired land and built houses in Colombo, has the audacity to tell that the Sinhalese do not have any right to own land in the North. People like Manoganeshan whilst living a lavish life in Colombo and engaged in various businesses have viciously blocked the Sinhalese from running any business in Jaffna. Any Tamil student can get enrolled in any University in Sri Lanka but can a Sinhalese student get enrolled in the Jaffna University without creating trepidation in the hearts and minds of the parents? The Sinhalese do tolerate this situation and the contemptuous racial attitude of the Tamil politicians not because they are cowards but mainly because of the “discipline” and “tolerance” they have acquired through the practice of Buddhist Philosophy through the centuries.
Today who wants the National Anthem to be sung in Tamil? It is not the ordinary and enlightened Tamil people but the corrupt Tamil politicians together with their acolytes and ‘torch bearers’ who are hell bent on creating disharmony in the country. We have to accept the fact that when Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksha took over the country in 2005 it was virtually or de facto a divided country. In the North they had their own banks, a separate administrative system, a separate court system, a separate taxation system and a separate police force. Such a divided country was united and unified by Mahinda Rajapaksha. This benefitted at the outset the Tamil people at large. If a separate national anthem is demanded to be sung in the North, withIn a country which has been united after so much of strife isn’t it reasonable to consider it as a “threat” to the unitary status of the country? Is the demand for a separate National Anthem a prelude to demanding once again, a separate state?
The population in India is about 1.3 billion and the Tamils constitute 65 million. In Sri lanka the population is 22 million with approx. 2.8 Tamils. In India there are many ethnic groups such as Hindu, Muslim, Marati, Gujarati, Tamil, Bengali, Panjab, etc but the National Anthem is “ Jana Gana Mana Adinayaka Jayahe Bharatha Baghya Vidhatha” written by Rabindranath Tagore in a highly Sanskritized form of the Bengali language. Although we do not understand the Bengali language, when we browse the internet and listen to the Indian National Anthem sung by Latha Mangeshkar lying on sprawling sandy shores, we too are inspired and enthralled by its stirring melody and words. Indian cinema artists, with Sharook Khan as the main actor, jerk white men and women in England off their seats, make them spring up from their seats in salutation when the Indian National Anthem is played in his film. What would the response of Prime Minister Modi be, if the 65 million Tamils in India (as Jeyaraj thinks it fit to say it here) ask that they be allowed to salute “their” motherland, which gave them Knowledge, Truth, Strength, and Inner Faith, to be saluted by singing the “ jana gana mana” National Anthem in “Tamil”! Why not the fond heart of Jeyaraj feel for the 65 million Tamil people in India, in like manner?
Jeyaraj maintains that the Tamils get the “real national feeling” of the Motherland only if the National Anthem is sung in their own language. To me it is no patriotic statement. In the same token then, for the Veddhas to get the national feeling, the National Anthem should be altered to say “Sri Lanka Ammila Eththo” instead of “Sri Lanka Matha”. As a person who has been in India on several occasions for training I have observed, on very sensitive occasions, the eyes of Indians, be they Marati, Gujarati, Hindu, Tamil or Muslim, filling with tears when they sing the Indian National Anthem. According to Jeyaraj it may be because of conjunctivitis, for, the Maratis, Gujaratis & others do not get this national feeling because they do not understand the Sanskritized Bengali!! In some schools in India, the meaning of the song is taught to students. But when the National Anthem is played, tears well up, not because they all understand each & every word but because it generates patriotic emotions and the feeling that it symbolizes the nation - the feeling that this is our country, it is the “honour” and “pride” of our country, we are Indians, not different nations; and whatever enemy forces advance towards us we will protect the nation at any cost. Irrespective of the different ethnic identities they all think as “Indians” and that is the very reason why there is no demand from any one of the communities to sing the National Anthem in their respective languages.
As in the case of India, if one argues that in our country the National Anthem should be in the original/single language is’nt it because one thinks of oneself as a “Sri Lankan”? If that be so, if people like Jeyaraj, Manoganeshan, Dilan Perera and Handunnethi demand that the National Anthem should be allowed to be sung in Tamil also, that is because they do not think of themselves as “Sri Lankans” or people of one country. Who then are the racists? According to Jeyaraj the racists are the “so called patriots” like us. But aren’t the racists the very same people who try to destroy efforts towards national reconciliation by making this type of request?
Even though we strictly do not follow the dictates of astrology, planetary configurations etc., it is no secret that we generally take them as a guide to important activities. When a child is born s/he is named having consideration for the planetary positions prevailing at the moment of birth. This is because we consider that it has a benevolent effect on the child every time the name is called (pronounced). Even the Anthem is composed on the same principles. When the initial words of the song were changed from ’Namo Namo Matha’ to ‘Sri Lanka Matha’ the composer of the song Ananda Samarakoon threatened to commit suicide! People generally believe that the resonance of the ‘gana’ and ‘mathra’ of the song when pronounced correctly, the sound waves that are generated will have a benevolent effect on the nation. Whether or not such belief is substantiated by logic or reasoning, any demand to sing the National Anthem in different words will be considered a contemptible insult to an age old valued sentiment/belief of our people.
We expect a much greater contribution from the moderate writers of the calibre of Jeyaraj to establish national reconciliation. I wish to enumerate briefly the sacrifices and contributions made by the Sinhalese in that regard. It is the Sinhalese soldiers who liberated the people of Jaffna from the grip of terrorism. Since I was the Commander of the Northern Naval Area in Jaffna when the so called peace accord was signed in 2002, I witnessed the hardships the Tamil people had to undergo under the jack boot of the terrorists. Some shop keepers committed suicide as they could not pay the ransom to terrorists. At least 75 % of the catch of fishermen were confiscated by the terrorists daily. At least 50% of the remittances received from their next of kin living abroad was grabbed by the terrorists. The School principals who did not release students for demonstrations were shot in public. It was a common scene to see weeping and wailing mothers at the security check point at Muhamalai to find whether their children abducted the previous night, were taken into the terrorist controlled area. On most occasions Sinhala soldiers ventured, despite threat to their lives, to save such affected persons and they were highly respected by individual Tamils.
About 495,000 land mines strewn by terrorists in the area were cleared by Sinhalese soldiers disregarding the threat to their lives. It is the Sinhala soldiers who took into safe custody the gold and jewelry of the escaping Tamils around 290,000 and then later delivered to them intact when they were resettled. They were the Sinhala soldiers who de-activated about 4950 anti-tank mines and made it safe and secure for the Tamil residents to move in. It is the Sinhala soldiers who constructed about 8000 houses for the Tamil people contributing even their personal funds as a gesture of goodwill. When Prabhakaran used the Tamil people as a human shield, the Sinhalese soldiers marched through the heavily mined fields, without firing heavy artillery, knowing that they would even lose life and limb. This was just to save innocent Tamil lives. When pregnant Tamil women were escaping from the terrorists and running into the arms of our Sinhalese women soldiers, they went forward to meet them, knowing that there were tiger suicide women with bombs attached to their bellies. Many Sinhala women soldiers died in the processes whilst trying to identify the innocents from the terrorists.
Should we need any more examples to show the contribution and the commitment of the Sinhalese towards national reconciliation? Have the champions of reconciliation in the likes of Manoganeshan or Jeyaraj or any other do gooders offered even a cup of tea to the valiant soldiers as a mark of gratitude? Have they written a single article to the newspapers appreciating their services? I cannot recall any such.
Around 29,000 Sinhalese soldiers have sacrificed their lives in the protection of the unitary state of the country; 14,000 were permanently disabled too. (Here I wish to recall with deep respect the memory of the officers and men of other communities as well.) The National Anthem is the symbol of “Sovereignty” and “territorial integrity” of the country. At the end of 30 years of war shouldn’t we consider that, allowing the National Anthem to be sung in Tamil in the North, as a symbolic infringement on the territorial integrity of the country that we selflessly liberated? Isn’t It a way of disgracing the valiant soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the sake of the country? If that too is done by grossly violating the Constitution of the country, is’nt it a green light for the potential Elamist to raise their ugly head again?
I recollect here an interesting incident that occurred at Karainagar camp where I served as the Commanding Officer in the year 1993. During the war, the food for the island inhabitants were brought by the Navy with great effort despite the threat by the sea tiger terrorists. Since electricity was not available I brought kerosene oil from Trincomalee by using Chinese built attack crafts so that the Tamil children could do their studies. With the food quota of the sailors and officers we provided free food voluntarily to the starving families. I got the pension rights restored for many a public servant who were deprived of it for long years.
I was admired and respected by the people of Karainagar. However I was once targeted but I happened to change my plans. The terrorists being unaware that I had alighted from the vehicle attacked it and my driver and the junior officer were killed. The following day the entire village stormed my camp and apologized profusely, weeping and wailing. When I was transferred to Colombo they wrote to higher authorities to defer my transfer. At a simple farewell party organized for me a few little girls sang the National Anthem in Sinhala. The way they pronounced the words brought tears to my eyes. There was similar reaction by the villagers as well. Isn’t it adequate evidence of “genuine national reconciliation”? Those days no one agitated to sing the Anthem in Tamil. Then who were the people who injected the virus of hatred and communalism into their innocent hearts? They are the communalist Tamil politicians. They are the ones who demand a National Anthem in Tamil purely for political reasons. Is’nt it very unfortunate to note that even the moderate journalists such as Jeyaraj too are trying to justify this demand?
Rear Admiral (Dr). Sarath Weerasekara
Member of Parliament.
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The article published in the Daily Mirror of March 21st titled “Mother Lanka as Sri Lanka Thaye “ written by DBS Jeyaraj.
By D.B.S. Jeyaraj
Once upon a time there was a Beautiful Island with wonderful people that was regarded as God’s own country. After gaining Independence from a colonial power, the modern nation with an ancient civilization adopted a national anthem of its own. The anthem was written in the language spoken by the majority of its inhabitants. Subsequently it was translated into the language widely spoken by three of its minority communities. While the song in the language of the majority received pride of place, provision was made for both versions of the anthem to be sung whenever or wherever necessary. The melody composed for the original was the same for the translated version also.
Both versions of the National anthem were sung or played in all parts of the country on appropriate occasions. When Independence day was observed the majority language version was sung at national level. However, in regions where the minority language was spoken most, the version sung at district level was that of the minority language. Similarly, schools where the medium of instruction was in the majority language the national anthem sung was also in the same language. Likewise schools where the minority language was the medium of instruction sang the national anthem in their language. In some places both versions were played one after the other. The anthem played at official functions at national level was in the language of the majority which had been enshrined as the country’s sole official language. This however did not deter the minority communities from singing the national anthem with patriotic fervour in their mother tongue on suitable occasions.
Sadly, the serpent of communal discord and ethnic strife entered this idyllic garden of Eden. Events deteriorated to the point where the premier national minority began to regard itself as a distinct nation and demanded the creation of a country of its own. An armed struggle was launched and civil war erupted. Substantial portions of the Island’s territory came under the control of separatist elements. Ethnic relations between the majority and chief minority community disintegrated widely and people speaking the language became increasingly alienated from the state and estranged from the majority community.
A symptom of this malady was in the national anthem itself. It began to be sung only in the majority language. With the secessionist state of mind pervading community consciousness , there were no singers of the national anthem in the mother tongue of the minority community. Although the minority language version of the national anthem had been given Constitutional status, it was not sung in practice. The minority language had also been elevated as an official language by a Constitutional amendment. But in the climate of strife and confrontation it was not implemented widely. The national anthem in the minority community mother tongue was also not sung in practice though there was no legal or Constitutional barrier.
And then there was a change! The long war ended with the total annihilation of the armed organization espousing the separatist cause. The Island from north to south and east to west again came under the sole writ of the democratically elected government. Members of the minority nationality began re-entering the national mainstream again. They picked up the shattered pieces of their existence and began embarking upon a brave new journey of reconciliation. Once again these members of the minority group began to think of themselves as belonging to the country where their ancestors had lived for generations.It was farewell to secessionism and an embrace of the motherland at an emotional and spiritual level. It was a strengthening of unity while retaining diversity.
What better way to celebrate this return other than to sing the national anthem once again in their mother tongue now constitutionally recognized as an official language? Would it not be significant to salute their country as mother in their own language in which language they think and feel? Would it not be great to thank the mother who gave them “Knowledge, Truth, Strength and inner faith,” and was also their “light divine and sentient being”. Would it not be most meaningful for an estranged and embittered people to sing of an end to “ill-will, hatred and strife” and to sing of themselves again as a “ Mighty nation marching onward, all as one and enfolded in love”?
In any other land or country this development would have been welcomed and encouraged. The State would have given every assistance and help to promote the singing of the national anthem in their mother tongue by members of an ethnicity that had been out in the political cold for decades. Echoing the patriotic sentiments expressed in the national anthem in their own language which they knew best would have paved the way for greater national unity and ethnic reconciliation.
But this did not happen! Instead, moves were initiated to do away with the Constitutional right to sing the national anthem in the mother tongue of the national minorities. A draft law to forbid the national anthem being sung in languages other than the majority official language was mooted but was shelved due to opposition within Cabinet ranks. This resulted in uncertainty about the legality of the singing of the national anthem. However in practice, very clear signals were conveyed “unofficially” that only the majority language version of the national anthem should be sung everywhere. The bureaucracy as well as the armed forces were used to enforce this officially sanctioned unofficial diktat.
This naturally resulted in huge disappointment and despondency. It was a slap in the face of those members of the minority ethnicity seeking to re-enter the national mainstream and foster ethnic reconciliation and harmony. It was perceived as one more instance of majoritarian arrogance. The majoritarian supremacists who had plunged the country into chaos and despair were riding high once again adding insult to injury.
Dispassionate foreigners such as diplomats, academics, media and NGO personnel were aghast. They could not believe this was happening in a land that had been torn asunder by ethnic strife and was now on the path of ethnic amity and national unity. Why this intolerant attitude and heavy handed response to an issue that would have never been an issue in any sane and sensible country?
But then these things do happen in the beautiful Island called Sri Lanka, where I was born and bred. Hard as it may be to believe many such things are possible in the pearl of the Indian ocean, now dubbed as the miracle of Asia. It is a land of paradoxes. “Third class politics” to use Gamini Fonseka’s description has been Sri Lanka’s bane and ruin.
Politicians from both sides of the ethnic divide have time and again pursued the politics of the irrational by appealing to raw emotions of the electorate. These political elements continue to thrive because the Sri Lankan people of all hues have demonstrated time and again that they can be whipped up into a frenzy at elections through emotive yet empty slogans and cheap political stunts. Thus it is a vicious circle of inter-dependence where the people continue to get the leaders they deserve.
What prevents Sri Lanka from total misery is the ability of its leaders and people to take corrective measures at times and undo some, if not all of the damage caused. What is more these corrective measures are enacted through democratic methods. Democracy in Sri Lanka may be flawed, but nevertheless, the country can be proud that it remains basically democratic. One set of rascals may be replaced by another but these are done through democratic elections. Dictatorial tendencies are curbed through the casting of the vote. These have been the silver linings prevalent in the dark clouds looming over the Island’s political horizon.
One such silver lining was visible last week in the case of the national anthem. The new dispensation under President Maithripala Sirisena and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe is striving valiantly to rectify some of the wrongs perpetrated by the previous Government. One such matter seems to be that of the national anthem being sung in Tamil.
The Rajapaksa regime did not ban the Tamil national anthem legally, but saw to it that singing the national anthem in Tamil was forbidden in day-to-day affairs. According to media reports, Democratic Peoples Front (DPF) leader Mano Ganesan had raised the issue of the national anthem being sung in Tamil at the National Executive Council meeting. President Sirisena had responded positively and reiterated the Constitutional position that there was no bar on the national anthem being sung in Tamil. He had guaranteed that the National Anthem would be sung in Tamil also.
This column contacted the DPF leader to clarify the position. I am reproducing here Mano Ganesan’s responses to three questions I posed.
Q”What were the circumstances that motivated you to raise this issue at the National Executive Council meeting and how do you feel now that the President has answered positively”?
MG: National anthem, National Flag etc are the elements of expression of nationalism of a citizen of any country. This goes with us in Sri Lanka too. During the last regime, this subject was a highly heated up issue in year 2010. Weerawansa, Gammanpila, BBS and others were on a (war) path of totally rejecting this constitutional right of the Tamil speaking community. They went to the extent of getting then Interior Minister John Senaviratne to submit a Cabinet paper. It was to “order” citizens and State admin & school administrators to refrain from singing the Tamil National Anthem.
But due to our combined opposition, Mahinda Rajapakse who gave tacit support to this backtracked. I remember saying then that those who claim to be “Deshapremi patriots” should on the contrary support the Tamil National Anthem. It is not about Eelam, but about Sri Lanka. It is bringing in the Tamils into the national mainstream.
But I failed to convince the hardliners. Though they stopped at that point, the fear psyche had already gone into the minds of the State administrators in the Tamil speaking regions. Tamil regional GAs and AGAs and school principals either refrained or blocked the use of the Tamil national anthem due to their fear of the regime. And the Army in the north added brutality to this. They trained the school children band to sing only the Sinhala version and barged into the civil events and at times, stopped theTamil national anthem. The Sinhala only law was in action.
These hardliners failed to understand the basic facts. The Tamil anthem is not a new strange song about Eelam but only the translation of the Sinhala version praising Mother Lanka and the music score is also the same. Therefore, these hardliners are nothing but severe racists who reject anything Tamil and who are trying to take our country backwards.
NOW, This is the era of good governance and real reconciliation. So I thought of raising this issue at the National Executive Council (NEC). I am not in Parliament. If I had been, I would have raised it there.
The latest is that many local media electronic and print have taken up this issue. Yesterday I was interviewed and thus spoke in many Sinhala radio channels. Last night I was in Rupavahini TV live this morning Weerawansa came on Neth FM radio live and blasted me. He said there can be only one language, one national anthem in this country, since this is a Sinhala country. But to my pleasant surprise, the former interior minister John Seneviratne who brought the Cabinet paper to ban the Tamil national anthem, said on the same radio that he regrets his earlier stance also adding that Tamils should have the right to use the Tamil national anthem.
So DBS, my efforts have brought about some positive developments. I was one of those who agreed with the idea of not putting the Tamil national issue in the Maithri manifesto during the presidential elections. We did not want to give any opportunity to hard liners. But it does not mean that we have to keep quiet all the time. We must choose the right time to raise issues and create discussions. It is my policy.
Q ”What is the follow up action needed now to give effect to the guarantee given by President Sirisena ?
MG: The President needs to do two things.
(1) A relevant circular from the Presidential Secretariat to all the district Secretariats, ministries, Provincial Councils, all the Municipal and Urban Councils, Pradesiya Sabas and especially, to all the schools and education officials clarifying the official stance of the government on the use of the Tamil
national anthem.
(2) As promised, he should take up the issue at the next National Security Council meeting to send the message across to the security establishment
Q Do you have any specific plans in this regard in your capacity as leader of a political party based essentially in Colombo and Up Country with a Sinhala majority”?
MG: My plans...? I am the leader of a small party trying to do big matters and getting into trouble with various labels.......Already as per my instructions, our member of the Western Provincial Council for Colombo district and the deputy general secretary of our party Shan Kuhavaradan are preparing 500 Audio CDs carrying the Tamil national Anthem. We plan to distribute these to the Tamil medium schools starting within Colombo and extending to the Western Province and then to all the Tamil medium schools in the country. I am also planning to play the Tamil national anthem at specially convened gatherings with Sinhala invitees where I plan to conduct discussions on real reconciliation. (I want to do much… .....but your guys in the Diaspora help to buy guns but not make such CDs will you…?)
As DPF leader Mano Ganesan rightly observed the national anthem in Tamil is only a translation of the Sinhala original. It hails Mother Lanka and is not about Tamil Eelam. True patriots must support and not oppose the national anthem being sung in Tamil. In Sri Lanka, those claiming to be patriots are doing the opposite. Once again the Sinhala hawks are screeching that the national anthem should not be sung in Tamil. One hopes and prays that the Sirisena-Wickremesinghe Govt. will have the courage to stand firm and not give in to the protests of pseudo nationalist Sinhala patriots.
The issue of singing the national anthem in Tamil is one that I feel strongly about. I yearn nostalgically for a happy past where this was not an issue at all to me. When I was a student at St.Thomas’ prep school in Kollupitiya during the times of JTR Perinpanayagam as Headmaster, we used to sing the national anthem at the end of term assemblies and other important events. The students were multi-ethnic – Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim, Burgher, Malay with a sprinkle of cultural minorities like Colombo Chetty, Bharatha, Sindhi, Bohra, Parsi, Chinese, Malayalee and Telugu (a great- great grandson of the last King of Kandy was a student too).
We were given “roneo”cyclo-styled sheets with the words in Sinhala and Tamil, and the Sinhala version scripted in English. We were free to sing in whichever language, but almost all of us being fluent in English preferred to sing the Sinhala words in English script. As a Tamil, I don’t think I understood the meaning of the words fully but at that primary school and tender age it did not matter. The words had a musical tone and the tune was lively and lilting.
It was after I relocated to Jaffna in my mid-teens, that I started hearing the national anthem being sung in Tamil. The students at Jaffna College were almost entirely Tamil with one or two Muslims and Malayalees. By this time one had got “politicized”in terms of ethnicity. We were more aware politically in secondary school. Besides the early seventies of the 20th century was the era of standardization that caused much upheaval amidst Tamil students. ”Tamil Eelam”consciousness had not entered our lives then but we did feel strongly about discrimination and racist oppression.
However, it was while listening or singing the national anthem in my mother tongue Tamil that I really understood and above all felt what it was all about. Politically I found the content unobjectionable as the words were about mother Lanka and the virtues of the country and not about any particular ethnicity. However, I must admit that though I understood the national anthem better in Tamil, I liked hearing it being sung in Sinhala, as the words seemed to resonate mellifluously exuding a mood of joi de vivre.
All things changed utterly as the ethnic conflict escalated and the Sinhala and Tamil communities drew apart. The practice of singing the national anthem in Tamil in the North and East gradually diminished even as hostilities mounted. Before 1956, almost every major school in Jaffna had Sinhala teachers (many of them Buddhist priests)to teach Sinhala to students. After Sinhala was imposed as the sole official language to the exclusion of Tamil, this practice ceased. Likewise the singing of the national anthem in Tamil also went out of vogue in the Tamil area schools. This was reflected to some extent in Tamil schools in the South too but several Tamil medium Muslim schools continued with the practice.
This gloomy dark phase in Sri Lanka’s post-indepenence history is now over, and the country is slowly progressing towards its tryst with destiny. It is against this backdrop that the efforts to resurrect the national anthem must be viewed positively. Obstructing such efforts must be deplored and condemned. This is an issue that I feel strongly about and have written on it earlier in order to understand this totally unnecessary “ Tamil national anthem crisis,” I shall delve briefly into the history of the national anthem in Tamil and what transpired in the Cabinet of Mahinda Rajapaksa on this matter in 2010 relying on some of my past writings.
Sri Lanka’s national anthem was originally written in Sinhala by Ananda Samarakoon who was a well-known painter as well as poet. He had been a student at Rabindanath Tagore’s “Shantiniketan”in Bengal, India. The song was not written originally for the purpose of being a national anthem.
In 1950, the then Finance Minister JR Jayewardene presented a Cabinet memorandum that the widely popular “Namo Namo Matha” be formally acknowledged as the official anthem. Prime Minister DS Senanayake set up a select committee under the Home Affairs and Rural Development Minister Sir EAP Wijeratne (Father of Dr. Nissanka Wijeratne) to finalize the issue. The committee headed by Sir Wijeratne considered “Namo Namo Matha” and some other lyrics and decided that Samarakoon’s song should be the national anthem.
Sir EAP Wijeratne then presented a Cabinet paper in August 1951, recommending “Namo Namo Matha” as the national anthem. It was unanimously approved by the Cabinet and formally adopted on November 22, 1951. There were two Tamil Ministers in the DS Senanayake Cabinet then. They were GG Ponnambalam and C. Sittambalam. It is said that even before they could make a request, Premier DS Senanayake had stated that a suitable Tamil translation be formally adopted. The select committee headed by Sir EAP Wijeratne had accepted in principle that there be a Tamil version of the national anthem.
The Tamil scholar Pundit M. Nallathamby was entrusted this task and a neat transliteration was done. The Tamil version came into use and was extensively used in official functions in the predominantly Tamil speaking Northern and Eastern provinces.
The remarkable attribute of Sri Lanka’s national anthem is that, it sings paeans of patriotic praise to the country alone and not to any race, religion, caste, creed or community. It is not parochial or partisan and appeals to the patriotic sentiments of all children of the Lankan mother.
Hence, the Tamil people found no reason to reject or protest against the national anthem. Once the meaning of the Sinhala words was known, few Tamils found it objectionable. With an appropriate transliteration available the Tamils of Sri Lanka found themselves singing the national anthem with emotion and fervour in their mother tongue.
Four years after Freedom on February 4, 1952 , “Namo Namo Matha” was sung at Independence Day ceremonies as the official national anthem. The Tamil version “Namo Namo Thaye” was sung in related Independence Day functions at the Jaffna, Vavuniya, Mannar, Trincomalee and Batticaloa Kachcheries. When Sir John Kotelawela visited Jaffna in 1954, the Tamil version of the national anthem was sung at functions felicitating the Prime minister.
On March 12, 1952, the Government published huge advertisements in Sinhala,Tamil and English newspapers announcing that “Namo Namo Matha” was the national anthem, while words in Sinhala and Tamil were published in the Sinhala and Tamil newspapers respectively, the English newspapers had Sinhala words written in English.
While “Namo Namo Matha” was now being sung as the official anthem, there was no uniformity in the melody or manner of singing. Different choirs and singers were rendering it in different ways. This was causing much confusion. So the Government decided to appoint a Committee to ensure that uniformity was ensured in rendering the national anthem. An eleven-member committee was appointed in 1953. Among its members were Ananda Samarakoon himself, Devar Suryasena and JDA Perera.
This committee set out guidelines as to how the anthem should be sung and also defined the exact tune for it. The melody was a refined version of the original tune composed by Samarakoon. The reputed establishment Cargills, then agents for HMV records was given the order to make records of the national anthem.
A disc was also cut for the Tamil version of the national anthem. While the melody and music were the same as that of the Sinhala version by Ananda Samarakoon, the Tamil words written by Pundit Nallathamby were sung by two female vocalists Sangari and Meena. The Tamil version was first broadcast officially on “Radio Ceylon” on February 4, 1955.
On June 24, 1954, the Cabinet of Sir John Kotelawela formally endorsed the tune and singing of the National Anthem. The copyright ownership of “Namo Namo Matha” was formally acquired by the Government after payment of Rs. 2,500 on that day. The money however did not go to Ananda Samarakoon, as he had already transferred copyright to Siriwardena, the printing press owner who had first published the song in a book of poems. In February 1961, the SLFP Govt. of Sirimavo Bandaranaike changed the wording of the national anthem from “Namo, namo Matha”to “Sri Lanka Matha’. A similiar change was made to the Tamil version also.
Both the Sinhala and Tamil versions were in use for decades. There set in over the years a certain form of usage in relation to the national anthem. The original Sinhala song got pride of place in most state or official ceremonies and events. In some instances, the Tamil version was also sung. It was however the practice for the Tamil version to be used in most events or functions in the Tamil-speaking areas of the Northern and Eastern provinces. Most Tamil-medium schools also sang the national anthem in Tamil at school events. This applied to many Tamil medium schools outside the
North – East too.
It was indeed noteworthy that the Tamil version continued to be in use even after Sinhala was made the sole official language in 1956. Both the Sinhala and Tamil versions were sung in the sixties of the last century, when the then Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake visited Jaffna. When Sirimavo Bandaranaike came to Jaffna as premier in 1974, to open the newly set up Jaffna campus of the University of Sri Lanka both versions were sung.
It was common in those days for selected school bands and choirs to render the national anthem in Sinhala and Tamil. What is remarkable is that though the Tamil language held no official status then the more enlightened governments of the day had no qualms about the national anthem being sung in the Tamil language in Tamil medium schools or official functions in the predominantly Tamil-speaking regions.
The Constitution of 1978 ushered in by the UNP regime led by JR Jayewardene provided national language status to the Tamil language. It also granted Constitutional status to the national anthem. Clause 7 of the Constitution says - “The National Anthem of the Republic of Sri Lanka shall be “Sri Lanka Matha,” the words and music of which are set out in the Third Schedule”.
Both the Sinhala original and Tamil translation were acknowledged. This was done mainly because of former Kalkudah MP KW Devanayagam who was at that time the only Sri Lankan Tamil Minister in the UNP government. This act evoked praise worthy mention as an indicator of inclusiveness and tolerance. It could be seen therefore, that this Island nation displayed a sense of accommodation towards the usage of Tamil language in the sphere of “officially” singing the national anthem for many many years.
This state of affairs was upset in 2010 by the Mahinda Rajapaksa Govt. It was felt by some Ministers that no proper procedures were being practiced at official functions, where the national flag was raised or national anthem sung. President Rajapaksa therefore, instructed his Public Administration and Home Affairs Minister WDJ (John) Senevirathne to prepare a Cabinet memorandum outlining the appropriate protocols to be adopted in relation to the national flag and national anthem.
A Cabinet paper incorporating basic guidelines was duly prepared and submitted for discussion and approval on November 3, 2010. After preliminary discussion in November, the Cabinet paper was taken up for detailed discussion again on December 8, 2010.
The officials who drafted the memorandum had relied greatly on a Singaporean piece of legislation as a model. The use of the national anthem is governed by Part IV of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules made under the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act. This Act was amended in 2007 was used as a model by Sri Lankan officials.
Apparently there is a provision in the Singaporean Act which stipulates that anyone singing the national anthem must sing the official lyric and not any translation of the lyric. The duplication of that provision in the Sri Lankan Cabinet memorandum led to the unwanted controversy. The Cabinet paper recommended the singing of the national anthem in Sinhala only and suggested that the Tamil translation in use for decades be summarily abolished. It was also proposed that those who were not proficient in the Sinhala language, could write down the Sinhala words in Tamil or English and sing them.
The Sri Lankan officials in emulating the letter of the Singaporean guidelines had missed the spirit of the Lion City State anthem. Although the majority community in Singapore are Chinese (75.2%), the national anthem is in the Malay language, spoken by 13.6% of the people. The national anthem written by Zubir Said is titled “Majulah Singapura” or “Onwards Singapore.” English, Chinese (Mandarin), Malay and Tamil are recognized as official languages in Singapore, but Malay is regarded as the National language. Thus it is considered appropriate that the national anthem be in Malay. Translations are available in English, Mandarin and Tamil, but only Malay could be used to sing the national anthem in official functions.
Thus in Singapore, where the national anthem is in a “minority” language there was an imperative need to debar translations and insist upon Malay alone being used officially to sing the national anthem. If translations were allowed, the Mandarin or English version could swamp the Malay version. But this is not the case in Sri Lanka where Sinhala is firmly entrenched as the language of the majority and primary official language. It is the Tamil language that requires special measures and guarantees in the present situation.
It was in this context, that the Cabinet paper dated November 3, 2010 was taken up for detailed discussion by the Cabinet on December 8, 2010. National Freedom Front (NFF) leader and former Construction, Engineering services, Housing and Common Amenities Minister Wimal Weerawansa at the outset welcomed the proposal to abolish the Tamil translation and sing the national anthem in Sinhala alone.
Weerawansa informed his Cabinet colleagues that the Tamils wanted to sing the anthem in Sinhala and said that when he was in Jaffna recently, the national anthem had been sung in Sinhala only at an official function. The Jaffna Tamil gathering had sung enthusiastically, Weerawansa said. Pontificating further, the former Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) stalwart observed that it was a joke for a national anthem to be sung in two languages. He also “enlightened” his co-ministers that in India where so many languages are spoken, including Tamil, the national anthem was in Hindi only.
Unfortunately, Wimal Weerawansa as is typical, was not well-informed on the topic he was waxing eloquent. There are several countries like Canada, Philippines , Belgium, Switzerland and South Africa, where the national anthem is sung in two or more languages in full or in parts. At the same time, many more countries allow limited use of translations.
More importantly, Weerawansa was incorrect in his reference to the Indian national anthem. The song “Jana Gana Mana” was written in Bengali by the illustrious Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali himself. It is however written in “Tatsama” and not colloquial Bengali. Tatsama-Bengali is somewhat classical and has an extensive vocabulary of words “loaned” from the ancient Sanskrit language. About 70% of words used in Tatsama-Bengali is of Sanskrit origin, while only about 40% words in colloquial Bengali is Sanskrit.
Bengali poets of the 10th century resorted to Tatsama because they felt that a greater deal of classical Sanskrit was required to express their thoughts in poetic form. Later in the 19th century, another school of thought comprising English- educated Bengalis revived the Tatsama poetry in a big way. Tagore was influenced by this school of thought and resorted to Tatsama in conveying his poetic thoughts in Bengali. “Jana gana mana” therefore had a lot of Sanskrit words intelligible to most Indo-Aryan languages . Incidentally, another of Tagore’s compositions “Sonar Bangla” or “golden Bengal” is the national anthem
of Bangladesh. Weerawansa was therefore incorrect in saying the Indian national anthem is in the official language Hindi. Weerawansa’s ill-informed onslaught on Tamil being used to sing the national anthem found a responsive chord in several Ministers in Mahinda’s Cabinet. One reason for this type of response was the view shared by some that Weerawansa was only articulating the wishes of President Rajapaksa. So some better informed Ministers were seemingly in agreement with Weerawansa to curry- favour with the President.
In that situation, several of the more enlightened Ministers also kept silent. There was also hesitation among Ministers of the Tamil and Muslim communities to speak out. But not so the irrepressible Vasudeva Nanayakkara. The veteran leftist firebrand who had joined Cabinet ranks then as Minister of National Languages and Social Integration was the first to speak against the proposal to do away with Tamil in singing the national anthem.
Nanayakkara spoke eloquently on the need to be inclusive and fair by the minority communities. He saw no need for the removal of an arrangement that had been in practice for so many years. Comrade Vasu also pointed out that the need of the hour was to reach out to the Tamil masses and bestow upon them a sense of belonging. The national anthem proposal would be detrimental to national unity, he said.
With Nanayakkara leading from the front, the counter-offensive to the “Sinhala only” imposition gained momentum. Rajitha Senaratne, the then Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Minister, Douglas Devananda, the then Traditional Industries and Small Enterprise Development Minister, Rauff Hakeem the then Justice Minister and A.L.M. Athaulla, the former Local Government and Provincial Councils Minister also joined the discussion and spoke out against the proposal.
Athaullah had a counter-proposal. Why not include verses from Tamil also into the national anthem along with Sinhala? he queried. For the national anthem to be truly national, both the Sinhala and Tamil languages should constitute it, observed the Akkaraipatru stalwart who went on to propose a bi-lingual national anthem.
The mood at the Cabinet meeting changed and it soon became obvious that the proposal to do away with the Tamil translation of the national anthem was being met with stiff resistance. It was also clear that deep divisions were emerging on this account within the Cabinet conclave.
Gauging the situation correctly, President Rajapaksa brought the discussion and debate to an end by announcing that the decision on the Cabinet paper would be deferred indefinitely until a later date. He said that an intensive informed discussion was necessary before a final decision was arrived at. Meanwhile, the status quo would remain as usual, the President stated.
What happened thereafter is well known. Orders went out quietly to Govt. officials and officers of the armed forces that the national anthem should not be sung in Tamil. There was no official decree but officially-sanctioned unofficial instructions resulted in the silencing of the Tamil National anthem. Neither Vasudeva Nanayakkara nor Douglas Devananda could prevent this.
Now there is a ray of hope again after President Sirisena’s assurance to Mano Ganesan at the National Executive Council. There has always been a hiatus between pledges and performances in the ethnic relations sphere of Sri Lanka. Already the knives are out to scuttle the move and it remains to be seen, whether President Sirisena can bring about a transformation where the national anthem could be sung by the Tamil speaking people in their mother tongue.
It is my hope and prayer that patriotic Tamils should be able to hail “Mother Lanka” as “Sri Lanka Thaaye” in their “Thaai Mozhi”(Mother tongue)
D.B.S. Jeyaraj can be reached at dbsjeyaraj@yahoo.com
http://www.dailymirror.lk/66895/singing-the-national-anthem-in-tamil-hailing-mother-lanka-as-sri-lanka-thaaye
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The article published in the Daily Mirror of March 21st titled “Mother Lanka as Sri Lanka Thaye “ written by DBS Jeyaraj.
By D.B.S. Jeyaraj
Once upon a time there was a Beautiful Island with wonderful people that was regarded as God’s own country. After gaining Independence from a colonial power, the modern nation with an ancient civilization adopted a national anthem of its own. The anthem was written in the language spoken by the majority of its inhabitants. Subsequently it was translated into the language widely spoken by three of its minority communities. While the song in the language of the majority received pride of place, provision was made for both versions of the anthem to be sung whenever or wherever necessary. The melody composed for the original was the same for the translated version also.
Both versions of the National anthem were sung or played in all parts of the country on appropriate occasions. When Independence day was observed the majority language version was sung at national level. However, in regions where the minority language was spoken most, the version sung at district level was that of the minority language. Similarly, schools where the medium of instruction was in the majority language the national anthem sung was also in the same language. Likewise schools where the minority language was the medium of instruction sang the national anthem in their language. In some places both versions were played one after the other. The anthem played at official functions at national level was in the language of the majority which had been enshrined as the country’s sole official language. This however did not deter the minority communities from singing the national anthem with patriotic fervour in their mother tongue on suitable occasions.
Sadly, the serpent of communal discord and ethnic strife entered this idyllic garden of Eden. Events deteriorated to the point where the premier national minority began to regard itself as a distinct nation and demanded the creation of a country of its own. An armed struggle was launched and civil war erupted. Substantial portions of the Island’s territory came under the control of separatist elements. Ethnic relations between the majority and chief minority community disintegrated widely and people speaking the language became increasingly alienated from the state and estranged from the majority community.
A symptom of this malady was in the national anthem itself. It began to be sung only in the majority language. With the secessionist state of mind pervading community consciousness , there were no singers of the national anthem in the mother tongue of the minority community. Although the minority language version of the national anthem had been given Constitutional status, it was not sung in practice. The minority language had also been elevated as an official language by a Constitutional amendment. But in the climate of strife and confrontation it was not implemented widely. The national anthem in the minority community mother tongue was also not sung in practice though there was no legal or Constitutional barrier.
And then there was a change! The long war ended with the total annihilation of the armed organization espousing the separatist cause. The Island from north to south and east to west again came under the sole writ of the democratically elected government. Members of the minority nationality began re-entering the national mainstream again. They picked up the shattered pieces of their existence and began embarking upon a brave new journey of reconciliation. Once again these members of the minority group began to think of themselves as belonging to the country where their ancestors had lived for generations.It was farewell to secessionism and an embrace of the motherland at an emotional and spiritual level. It was a strengthening of unity while retaining diversity.
Mother Tongue
What better way to celebrate this return other than to sing the national anthem once again in their mother tongue now constitutionally recognized as an official language? Would it not be significant to salute their country as mother in their own language in which language they think and feel? Would it not be great to thank the mother who gave them “Knowledge, Truth, Strength and inner faith,” and was also their “light divine and sentient being”. Would it not be most meaningful for an estranged and embittered people to sing of an end to “ill-will, hatred and strife” and to sing of themselves again as a “ Mighty nation marching onward, all as one and enfolded in love”?
In any other land or country this development would have been welcomed and encouraged. The State would have given every assistance and help to promote the singing of the national anthem in their mother tongue by members of an ethnicity that had been out in the political cold for decades. Echoing the patriotic sentiments expressed in the national anthem in their own language which they knew best would have paved the way for greater national unity and ethnic reconciliation.
But this did not happen! Instead, moves were initiated to do away with the Constitutional right to sing the national anthem in the mother tongue of the national minorities. A draft law to forbid the national anthem being sung in languages other than the majority official language was mooted but was shelved due to opposition within Cabinet ranks. This resulted in uncertainty about the legality of the singing of the national anthem. However in practice, very clear signals were conveyed “unofficially” that only the majority language version of the national anthem should be sung everywhere. The bureaucracy as well as the armed forces were used to enforce this officially sanctioned unofficial diktat.
This naturally resulted in huge disappointment and despondency. It was a slap in the face of those members of the minority ethnicity seeking to re-enter the national mainstream and foster ethnic reconciliation and harmony. It was perceived as one more instance of majoritarian arrogance. The majoritarian supremacists who had plunged the country into chaos and despair were riding high once again adding insult to injury.
Dispassionate foreigners such as diplomats, academics, media and NGO personnel were aghast. They could not believe this was happening in a land that had been torn asunder by ethnic strife and was now on the path of ethnic amity and national unity. Why this intolerant attitude and heavy handed response to an issue that would have never been an issue in any sane and sensible country?
“Third Class Politics”
But then these things do happen in the beautiful Island called Sri Lanka, where I was born and bred. Hard as it may be to believe many such things are possible in the pearl of the Indian ocean, now dubbed as the miracle of Asia. It is a land of paradoxes. “Third class politics” to use Gamini Fonseka’s description has been Sri Lanka’s bane and ruin.
Politicians from both sides of the ethnic divide have time and again pursued the politics of the irrational by appealing to raw emotions of the electorate. These political elements continue to thrive because the Sri Lankan people of all hues have demonstrated time and again that they can be whipped up into a frenzy at elections through emotive yet empty slogans and cheap political stunts. Thus it is a vicious circle of inter-dependence where the people continue to get the leaders they deserve.
What prevents Sri Lanka from total misery is the ability of its leaders and people to take corrective measures at times and undo some, if not all of the damage caused. What is more these corrective measures are enacted through democratic methods. Democracy in Sri Lanka may be flawed, but nevertheless, the country can be proud that it remains basically democratic. One set of rascals may be replaced by another but these are done through democratic elections. Dictatorial tendencies are curbed through the casting of the vote. These have been the silver linings prevalent in the dark clouds looming over the Island’s political horizon.
One such silver lining was visible last week in the case of the national anthem. The new dispensation under President Maithripala Sirisena and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe is striving valiantly to rectify some of the wrongs perpetrated by the previous Government. One such matter seems to be that of the national anthem being sung in Tamil.
The Rajapaksa regime did not ban the Tamil national anthem legally, but saw to it that singing the national anthem in Tamil was forbidden in day-to-day affairs. According to media reports, Democratic Peoples Front (DPF) leader Mano Ganesan had raised the issue of the national anthem being sung in Tamil at the National Executive Council meeting. President Sirisena had responded positively and reiterated the Constitutional position that there was no bar on the national anthem being sung in Tamil. He had guaranteed that the National Anthem would be sung in Tamil also.
Mano Ganesan
This column contacted the DPF leader to clarify the position. I am reproducing here Mano Ganesan’s responses to three questions I posed.
Q”What were the circumstances that motivated you to raise this issue at the National Executive Council meeting and how do you feel now that the President has answered positively”?
MG: National anthem, National Flag etc are the elements of expression of nationalism of a citizen of any country. This goes with us in Sri Lanka too. During the last regime, this subject was a highly heated up issue in year 2010. Weerawansa, Gammanpila, BBS and others were on a (war) path of totally rejecting this constitutional right of the Tamil speaking community. They went to the extent of getting then Interior Minister John Senaviratne to submit a Cabinet paper. It was to “order” citizens and State admin & school administrators to refrain from singing the Tamil National Anthem.
But due to our combined opposition, Mahinda Rajapakse who gave tacit support to this backtracked. I remember saying then that those who claim to be “Deshapremi patriots” should on the contrary support the Tamil National Anthem. It is not about Eelam, but about Sri Lanka. It is bringing in the Tamils into the national mainstream.
But I failed to convince the hardliners. Though they stopped at that point, the fear psyche had already gone into the minds of the State administrators in the Tamil speaking regions. Tamil regional GAs and AGAs and school principals either refrained or blocked the use of the Tamil national anthem due to their fear of the regime. And the Army in the north added brutality to this. They trained the school children band to sing only the Sinhala version and barged into the civil events and at times, stopped theTamil national anthem. The Sinhala only law was in action.
These hardliners failed to understand the basic facts. The Tamil anthem is not a new strange song about Eelam but only the translation of the Sinhala version praising Mother Lanka and the music score is also the same. Therefore, these hardliners are nothing but severe racists who reject anything Tamil and who are trying to take our country backwards.
NOW, This is the era of good governance and real reconciliation. So I thought of raising this issue at the National Executive Council (NEC). I am not in Parliament. If I had been, I would have raised it there.
The latest is that many local media electronic and print have taken up this issue. Yesterday I was interviewed and thus spoke in many Sinhala radio channels. Last night I was in Rupavahini TV live this morning Weerawansa came on Neth FM radio live and blasted me. He said there can be only one language, one national anthem in this country, since this is a Sinhala country. But to my pleasant surprise, the former interior minister John Seneviratne who brought the Cabinet paper to ban the Tamil national anthem, said on the same radio that he regrets his earlier stance also adding that Tamils should have the right to use the Tamil national anthem.
Maithri Manifesto
So DBS, my efforts have brought about some positive developments. I was one of those who agreed with the idea of not putting the Tamil national issue in the Maithri manifesto during the presidential elections. We did not want to give any opportunity to hard liners. But it does not mean that we have to keep quiet all the time. We must choose the right time to raise issues and create discussions. It is my policy.
Q ”What is the follow up action needed now to give effect to the guarantee given by President Sirisena ?
MG: The President needs to do two things.
(1) A relevant circular from the Presidential Secretariat to all the district Secretariats, ministries, Provincial Councils, all the Municipal and Urban Councils, Pradesiya Sabas and especially, to all the schools and education officials clarifying the official stance of the government on the use of the Tamil
national anthem.
(2) As promised, he should take up the issue at the next National Security Council meeting to send the message across to the security establishment
Q Do you have any specific plans in this regard in your capacity as leader of a political party based essentially in Colombo and Up Country with a Sinhala majority”?
MG: My plans...? I am the leader of a small party trying to do big matters and getting into trouble with various labels.......Already as per my instructions, our member of the Western Provincial Council for Colombo district and the deputy general secretary of our party Shan Kuhavaradan are preparing 500 Audio CDs carrying the Tamil national Anthem. We plan to distribute these to the Tamil medium schools starting within Colombo and extending to the Western Province and then to all the Tamil medium schools in the country. I am also planning to play the Tamil national anthem at specially convened gatherings with Sinhala invitees where I plan to conduct discussions on real reconciliation. (I want to do much… .....but your guys in the Diaspora help to buy guns but not make such CDs will you…?)
Not About Tamil Eelam
As DPF leader Mano Ganesan rightly observed the national anthem in Tamil is only a translation of the Sinhala original. It hails Mother Lanka and is not about Tamil Eelam. True patriots must support and not oppose the national anthem being sung in Tamil. In Sri Lanka, those claiming to be patriots are doing the opposite. Once again the Sinhala hawks are screeching that the national anthem should not be sung in Tamil. One hopes and prays that the Sirisena-Wickremesinghe Govt. will have the courage to stand firm and not give in to the protests of pseudo nationalist Sinhala patriots.
The issue of singing the national anthem in Tamil is one that I feel strongly about. I yearn nostalgically for a happy past where this was not an issue at all to me. When I was a student at St.Thomas’ prep school in Kollupitiya during the times of JTR Perinpanayagam as Headmaster, we used to sing the national anthem at the end of term assemblies and other important events. The students were multi-ethnic – Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim, Burgher, Malay with a sprinkle of cultural minorities like Colombo Chetty, Bharatha, Sindhi, Bohra, Parsi, Chinese, Malayalee and Telugu (a great- great grandson of the last King of Kandy was a student too).
We were given “roneo”cyclo-styled sheets with the words in Sinhala and Tamil, and the Sinhala version scripted in English. We were free to sing in whichever language, but almost all of us being fluent in English preferred to sing the Sinhala words in English script. As a Tamil, I don’t think I understood the meaning of the words fully but at that primary school and tender age it did not matter. The words had a musical tone and the tune was lively and lilting.
It was after I relocated to Jaffna in my mid-teens, that I started hearing the national anthem being sung in Tamil. The students at Jaffna College were almost entirely Tamil with one or two Muslims and Malayalees. By this time one had got “politicized”in terms of ethnicity. We were more aware politically in secondary school. Besides the early seventies of the 20th century was the era of standardization that caused much upheaval amidst Tamil students. ”Tamil Eelam”consciousness had not entered our lives then but we did feel strongly about discrimination and racist oppression.
Joi de Vivre
However, it was while listening or singing the national anthem in my mother tongue Tamil that I really understood and above all felt what it was all about. Politically I found the content unobjectionable as the words were about mother Lanka and the virtues of the country and not about any particular ethnicity. However, I must admit that though I understood the national anthem better in Tamil, I liked hearing it being sung in Sinhala, as the words seemed to resonate mellifluously exuding a mood of joi de vivre.
All things changed utterly as the ethnic conflict escalated and the Sinhala and Tamil communities drew apart. The practice of singing the national anthem in Tamil in the North and East gradually diminished even as hostilities mounted. Before 1956, almost every major school in Jaffna had Sinhala teachers (many of them Buddhist priests)to teach Sinhala to students. After Sinhala was imposed as the sole official language to the exclusion of Tamil, this practice ceased. Likewise the singing of the national anthem in Tamil also went out of vogue in the Tamil area schools. This was reflected to some extent in Tamil schools in the South too but several Tamil medium Muslim schools continued with the practice.
This gloomy dark phase in Sri Lanka’s post-indepenence history is now over, and the country is slowly progressing towards its tryst with destiny. It is against this backdrop that the efforts to resurrect the national anthem must be viewed positively. Obstructing such efforts must be deplored and condemned. This is an issue that I feel strongly about and have written on it earlier in order to understand this totally unnecessary “ Tamil national anthem crisis,” I shall delve briefly into the history of the national anthem in Tamil and what transpired in the Cabinet of Mahinda Rajapaksa on this matter in 2010 relying on some of my past writings.
Sri Lanka’s national anthem was originally written in Sinhala by Ananda Samarakoon who was a well-known painter as well as poet. He had been a student at Rabindanath Tagore’s “Shantiniketan”in Bengal, India. The song was not written originally for the purpose of being a national anthem.
“Namo Namo Matha”
In 1950, the then Finance Minister JR Jayewardene presented a Cabinet memorandum that the widely popular “Namo Namo Matha” be formally acknowledged as the official anthem. Prime Minister DS Senanayake set up a select committee under the Home Affairs and Rural Development Minister Sir EAP Wijeratne (Father of Dr. Nissanka Wijeratne) to finalize the issue. The committee headed by Sir Wijeratne considered “Namo Namo Matha” and some other lyrics and decided that Samarakoon’s song should be the national anthem.
Sir EAP Wijeratne then presented a Cabinet paper in August 1951, recommending “Namo Namo Matha” as the national anthem. It was unanimously approved by the Cabinet and formally adopted on November 22, 1951. There were two Tamil Ministers in the DS Senanayake Cabinet then. They were GG Ponnambalam and C. Sittambalam. It is said that even before they could make a request, Premier DS Senanayake had stated that a suitable Tamil translation be formally adopted. The select committee headed by Sir EAP Wijeratne had accepted in principle that there be a Tamil version of the national anthem.
The Tamil scholar Pundit M. Nallathamby was entrusted this task and a neat transliteration was done. The Tamil version came into use and was extensively used in official functions in the predominantly Tamil speaking Northern and Eastern provinces.
The remarkable attribute of Sri Lanka’s national anthem is that, it sings paeans of patriotic praise to the country alone and not to any race, religion, caste, creed or community. It is not parochial or partisan and appeals to the patriotic sentiments of all children of the Lankan mother.
Hence, the Tamil people found no reason to reject or protest against the national anthem. Once the meaning of the Sinhala words was known, few Tamils found it objectionable. With an appropriate transliteration available the Tamils of Sri Lanka found themselves singing the national anthem with emotion and fervour in their mother tongue.
National Anthem
Four years after Freedom on February 4, 1952 , “Namo Namo Matha” was sung at Independence Day ceremonies as the official national anthem. The Tamil version “Namo Namo Thaye” was sung in related Independence Day functions at the Jaffna, Vavuniya, Mannar, Trincomalee and Batticaloa Kachcheries. When Sir John Kotelawela visited Jaffna in 1954, the Tamil version of the national anthem was sung at functions felicitating the Prime minister.
On March 12, 1952, the Government published huge advertisements in Sinhala,Tamil and English newspapers announcing that “Namo Namo Matha” was the national anthem, while words in Sinhala and Tamil were published in the Sinhala and Tamil newspapers respectively, the English newspapers had Sinhala words written in English.
While “Namo Namo Matha” was now being sung as the official anthem, there was no uniformity in the melody or manner of singing. Different choirs and singers were rendering it in different ways. This was causing much confusion. So the Government decided to appoint a Committee to ensure that uniformity was ensured in rendering the national anthem. An eleven-member committee was appointed in 1953. Among its members were Ananda Samarakoon himself, Devar Suryasena and JDA Perera.
This committee set out guidelines as to how the anthem should be sung and also defined the exact tune for it. The melody was a refined version of the original tune composed by Samarakoon. The reputed establishment Cargills, then agents for HMV records was given the order to make records of the national anthem.
A disc was also cut for the Tamil version of the national anthem. While the melody and music were the same as that of the Sinhala version by Ananda Samarakoon, the Tamil words written by Pundit Nallathamby were sung by two female vocalists Sangari and Meena. The Tamil version was first broadcast officially on “Radio Ceylon” on February 4, 1955.
On June 24, 1954, the Cabinet of Sir John Kotelawela formally endorsed the tune and singing of the National Anthem. The copyright ownership of “Namo Namo Matha” was formally acquired by the Government after payment of Rs. 2,500 on that day. The money however did not go to Ananda Samarakoon, as he had already transferred copyright to Siriwardena, the printing press owner who had first published the song in a book of poems. In February 1961, the SLFP Govt. of Sirimavo Bandaranaike changed the wording of the national anthem from “Namo, namo Matha”to “Sri Lanka Matha’. A similiar change was made to the Tamil version also.
Pride of Place
Both the Sinhala and Tamil versions were in use for decades. There set in over the years a certain form of usage in relation to the national anthem. The original Sinhala song got pride of place in most state or official ceremonies and events. In some instances, the Tamil version was also sung. It was however the practice for the Tamil version to be used in most events or functions in the Tamil-speaking areas of the Northern and Eastern provinces. Most Tamil-medium schools also sang the national anthem in Tamil at school events. This applied to many Tamil medium schools outside the
North – East too.
It was indeed noteworthy that the Tamil version continued to be in use even after Sinhala was made the sole official language in 1956. Both the Sinhala and Tamil versions were sung in the sixties of the last century, when the then Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake visited Jaffna. When Sirimavo Bandaranaike came to Jaffna as premier in 1974, to open the newly set up Jaffna campus of the University of Sri Lanka both versions were sung.
It was common in those days for selected school bands and choirs to render the national anthem in Sinhala and Tamil. What is remarkable is that though the Tamil language held no official status then the more enlightened governments of the day had no qualms about the national anthem being sung in the Tamil language in Tamil medium schools or official functions in the predominantly Tamil-speaking regions.
The Constitution of 1978 ushered in by the UNP regime led by JR Jayewardene provided national language status to the Tamil language. It also granted Constitutional status to the national anthem. Clause 7 of the Constitution says - “The National Anthem of the Republic of Sri Lanka shall be “Sri Lanka Matha,” the words and music of which are set out in the Third Schedule”.
Both the Sinhala original and Tamil translation were acknowledged. This was done mainly because of former Kalkudah MP KW Devanayagam who was at that time the only Sri Lankan Tamil Minister in the UNP government. This act evoked praise worthy mention as an indicator of inclusiveness and tolerance. It could be seen therefore, that this Island nation displayed a sense of accommodation towards the usage of Tamil language in the sphere of “officially” singing the national anthem for many many years.
Cabinet Memorandum
This state of affairs was upset in 2010 by the Mahinda Rajapaksa Govt. It was felt by some Ministers that no proper procedures were being practiced at official functions, where the national flag was raised or national anthem sung. President Rajapaksa therefore, instructed his Public Administration and Home Affairs Minister WDJ (John) Senevirathne to prepare a Cabinet memorandum outlining the appropriate protocols to be adopted in relation to the national flag and national anthem.
A Cabinet paper incorporating basic guidelines was duly prepared and submitted for discussion and approval on November 3, 2010. After preliminary discussion in November, the Cabinet paper was taken up for detailed discussion again on December 8, 2010.
"It is my hope and prayer that patriotic Tamils should be able to hail “Mother Lanka” as “Sri Lanka Thaaye” in their “Thaai Mozhi”(Mother tongue)"
The officials who drafted the memorandum had relied greatly on a Singaporean piece of legislation as a model. The use of the national anthem is governed by Part IV of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules made under the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act. This Act was amended in 2007 was used as a model by Sri Lankan officials.
Apparently there is a provision in the Singaporean Act which stipulates that anyone singing the national anthem must sing the official lyric and not any translation of the lyric. The duplication of that provision in the Sri Lankan Cabinet memorandum led to the unwanted controversy. The Cabinet paper recommended the singing of the national anthem in Sinhala only and suggested that the Tamil translation in use for decades be summarily abolished. It was also proposed that those who were not proficient in the Sinhala language, could write down the Sinhala words in Tamil or English and sing them.
“Onwards Singapore”
The Sri Lankan officials in emulating the letter of the Singaporean guidelines had missed the spirit of the Lion City State anthem. Although the majority community in Singapore are Chinese (75.2%), the national anthem is in the Malay language, spoken by 13.6% of the people. The national anthem written by Zubir Said is titled “Majulah Singapura” or “Onwards Singapore.” English, Chinese (Mandarin), Malay and Tamil are recognized as official languages in Singapore, but Malay is regarded as the National language. Thus it is considered appropriate that the national anthem be in Malay. Translations are available in English, Mandarin and Tamil, but only Malay could be used to sing the national anthem in official functions.
Thus in Singapore, where the national anthem is in a “minority” language there was an imperative need to debar translations and insist upon Malay alone being used officially to sing the national anthem. If translations were allowed, the Mandarin or English version could swamp the Malay version. But this is not the case in Sri Lanka where Sinhala is firmly entrenched as the language of the majority and primary official language. It is the Tamil language that requires special measures and guarantees in the present situation.
It was in this context, that the Cabinet paper dated November 3, 2010 was taken up for detailed discussion by the Cabinet on December 8, 2010. National Freedom Front (NFF) leader and former Construction, Engineering services, Housing and Common Amenities Minister Wimal Weerawansa at the outset welcomed the proposal to abolish the Tamil translation and sing the national anthem in Sinhala alone.
Weerawansa informed his Cabinet colleagues that the Tamils wanted to sing the anthem in Sinhala and said that when he was in Jaffna recently, the national anthem had been sung in Sinhala only at an official function. The Jaffna Tamil gathering had sung enthusiastically, Weerawansa said. Pontificating further, the former Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) stalwart observed that it was a joke for a national anthem to be sung in two languages. He also “enlightened” his co-ministers that in India where so many languages are spoken, including Tamil, the national anthem was in Hindi only.
Wimal Weerawansa
Unfortunately, Wimal Weerawansa as is typical, was not well-informed on the topic he was waxing eloquent. There are several countries like Canada, Philippines , Belgium, Switzerland and South Africa, where the national anthem is sung in two or more languages in full or in parts. At the same time, many more countries allow limited use of translations.
More importantly, Weerawansa was incorrect in his reference to the Indian national anthem. The song “Jana Gana Mana” was written in Bengali by the illustrious Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali himself. It is however written in “Tatsama” and not colloquial Bengali. Tatsama-Bengali is somewhat classical and has an extensive vocabulary of words “loaned” from the ancient Sanskrit language. About 70% of words used in Tatsama-Bengali is of Sanskrit origin, while only about 40% words in colloquial Bengali is Sanskrit.
Bengali poets of the 10th century resorted to Tatsama because they felt that a greater deal of classical Sanskrit was required to express their thoughts in poetic form. Later in the 19th century, another school of thought comprising English- educated Bengalis revived the Tatsama poetry in a big way. Tagore was influenced by this school of thought and resorted to Tatsama in conveying his poetic thoughts in Bengali. “Jana gana mana” therefore had a lot of Sanskrit words intelligible to most Indo-Aryan languages . Incidentally, another of Tagore’s compositions “Sonar Bangla” or “golden Bengal” is the national anthem
of Bangladesh. Weerawansa was therefore incorrect in saying the Indian national anthem is in the official language Hindi. Weerawansa’s ill-informed onslaught on Tamil being used to sing the national anthem found a responsive chord in several Ministers in Mahinda’s Cabinet. One reason for this type of response was the view shared by some that Weerawansa was only articulating the wishes of President Rajapaksa. So some better informed Ministers were seemingly in agreement with Weerawansa to curry- favour with the President.
Vasudeva Nanayakkara
In that situation, several of the more enlightened Ministers also kept silent. There was also hesitation among Ministers of the Tamil and Muslim communities to speak out. But not so the irrepressible Vasudeva Nanayakkara. The veteran leftist firebrand who had joined Cabinet ranks then as Minister of National Languages and Social Integration was the first to speak against the proposal to do away with Tamil in singing the national anthem.
Nanayakkara spoke eloquently on the need to be inclusive and fair by the minority communities. He saw no need for the removal of an arrangement that had been in practice for so many years. Comrade Vasu also pointed out that the need of the hour was to reach out to the Tamil masses and bestow upon them a sense of belonging. The national anthem proposal would be detrimental to national unity, he said.
With Nanayakkara leading from the front, the counter-offensive to the “Sinhala only” imposition gained momentum. Rajitha Senaratne, the then Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Minister, Douglas Devananda, the then Traditional Industries and Small Enterprise Development Minister, Rauff Hakeem the then Justice Minister and A.L.M. Athaulla, the former Local Government and Provincial Councils Minister also joined the discussion and spoke out against the proposal.
Athaullah had a counter-proposal. Why not include verses from Tamil also into the national anthem along with Sinhala? he queried. For the national anthem to be truly national, both the Sinhala and Tamil languages should constitute it, observed the Akkaraipatru stalwart who went on to propose a bi-lingual national anthem.
The mood at the Cabinet meeting changed and it soon became obvious that the proposal to do away with the Tamil translation of the national anthem was being met with stiff resistance. It was also clear that deep divisions were emerging on this account within the Cabinet conclave.
Deferred Indefinitely
Gauging the situation correctly, President Rajapaksa brought the discussion and debate to an end by announcing that the decision on the Cabinet paper would be deferred indefinitely until a later date. He said that an intensive informed discussion was necessary before a final decision was arrived at. Meanwhile, the status quo would remain as usual, the President stated.
What happened thereafter is well known. Orders went out quietly to Govt. officials and officers of the armed forces that the national anthem should not be sung in Tamil. There was no official decree but officially-sanctioned unofficial instructions resulted in the silencing of the Tamil National anthem. Neither Vasudeva Nanayakkara nor Douglas Devananda could prevent this.
Now there is a ray of hope again after President Sirisena’s assurance to Mano Ganesan at the National Executive Council. There has always been a hiatus between pledges and performances in the ethnic relations sphere of Sri Lanka. Already the knives are out to scuttle the move and it remains to be seen, whether President Sirisena can bring about a transformation where the national anthem could be sung by the Tamil speaking people in their mother tongue.
It is my hope and prayer that patriotic Tamils should be able to hail “Mother Lanka” as “Sri Lanka Thaaye” in their “Thaai Mozhi”(Mother tongue)
D.B.S. Jeyaraj can be reached at dbsjeyaraj@yahoo.com
http://www.dailymirror.lk/66895/singing-the-national-anthem-in-tamil-hailing-mother-lanka-as-sri-lanka-thaaye
